Anupriya Goenka was born on 29 May 1987 in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh to Ravindra Kumar Goenka, a garment Entrepreneur and Pushpa Goenka, a homemaker. The youngest of four children, Goenka has two older sisters and a brother. She completed her schooling from Gyan Bharati School in Saket, New Delhi, and acquired her bachelor's degree in commerce from Shaheed Bhagat Singh College, University of Delhi. Goenka provided financial support to her family before she completed school. She said, "I was the enterprising one and started helping my father in the garment export Business. Acting was always a hobby till I realized I couldn't do justice to both theatre and my corporate career," she said.

Goenka moved to Mumbai in 2008 to pursue a career in acting. At first, she worked in the corporate sector and settled in Mumbai, where she was joined by her family. Goenka was intrigued with theater and juggled between a career in acting and the corporate sector. She started doing commercials and first shot to fame in 2013 as the face of UPA government's Bharat Nirman ad campaign and for playing a lesbian character in India's first ever lesbian ad for the brand Myntra in 2015. Goenka has appeared in various television commercials for brands including Coke, Garnier, Stayfree, Kotak Mahindra, Pepperfry, and Dabur. She portrayed the nurse Poorna in the 2017 action-thriller Tiger Zinda Hai. She is best known for her portrayal of the role of Queen Nagmati in the 2018 epic film Padmavati opposite Shahid Kapoor which genered her critical acclaim.