In 1959, at age 18 she married writer-director Pierre Gaspard-Huit. They would later divorce.

Jean Cocteau cast Auger in an uncredited role as a tall ballerina in Testament of Orpheus (1960). When she was 18, she married the 43-year-old writer-director Pierre Gaspard-Huit, and he cast her in several films, including Le Masque de fer (1962) and Kali Yug: Goddess of Vengeance (1963).

When she was on holiday in Nassau, writer-producer Kevin McClory saw her and recommended that she audition for his film Thunderball (1965). The role of Domino was originally to be an Italian woman, Dominetta Petacchi. Auger impressed the producers so much that they rewrote the part to that of a French woman, to better suit Auger. Although she took lessons to perfect her English, her voice was eventually dubbed by Nikki van der Zyl. Auger would claim that she related to her character Domino, as she and Domino were involved with older men. The most immediate byproduct of Claudine's stardom was a semi-nude Playboy spread.

Thunderball launched Auger into a successful European movie career, but did little for her otherwise in the United States. She did however star in a Danny Thomas Special called ‘The Road to Lebanon’ with Bing Crosby which was shown on NBC on 20 April 1966.

In 1968, she co-starred with another Bond girl, Ursula Andress, in the Italian comedy Anyone Can Play. In 1971, she starred with two Future Bond girls, Barbara Bach and Barbara Bouchet, in Black Belly of the Tarantula, a giallo mystery. She had some roles in European films such as Triple Cross (1966) (reuniting her with her James Bond Director Terence Young), and The Killing Game (1967).

She married British businessman Peter Brent in the 1980s. The couple had one child, Jessica Claudine Brent (b. 1991). Brent died in August 2008.

In 1994, Auger appeared in the British television series The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes, in "The Three Gables" as Isadora Klein, in one of the last episodes of that series starring Jeremy Brett.