Everett H. Sloane was born in Manhattan October 1, 1909, to Nathaniel I. Sloane and Rose (Gerstein) Sloane. At age seven he played Puck in a play at Manhattan's Public School 46 and decided to become an actor. He completed two years at the University of Pennsylvania, and left in 1927 to join Jasper Deeter's Hedgerow Theatre repertory company. He made his New York stage debut in 1928. Sloane took a Wall Street job as a stockbroker's Runner, but when his salary was cut in half after the stock market crash of 1929 he began to supplement his income with radio work. He became the sleuth's assistant on WOR's Impossible Detective Mysteries, played the title character's sidekick, Denny, in Bulldog Drummond and went on to perform in thousands of radio programs.

Sloane married Lillian (Luba) Herman, an Actress on stage and radio, January 4, 1933, in Manhattan.

Sloane made his Broadway debut in 1935, playing Rosetti the agent in George Abbott's hit comedy, Boy Meets Girl.

In the 1940s, Sloane was a frequent guest star on the radio theater series Inner Sanctum Mysteries and The Shadow (as comic relief Shrevie, the cab driver, among other roles), and was in The Mysterious Traveler episode "Survival of the Fittest" with Kermit Murdock. Sloane co-starred with Tony Curtis and Piper Laurie in Universal's 1951 The Prince Who Was a Thief as a thief who adopts a baby and raises it as his own. In 1953, he starred as Captain Frank Kennelly in the CBS radio crime drama 21st Precinct. In 1957, he co-starred in the ninth episode of Suspicion co-starring Audie Murphy and Jack Warden. In 1958, he played Walter Brennan's role in a remake of To Have and Have Not called The Gun Runners.

Sloane's radio work led him to be hired by Orson Welles to become part of his Mercury Theatre. Sloane recorded one program with Mercury Theatre on the Air and became a regular player when the show was picked up by a sponsor and became The Campbell Playhouse. Sloane moved with the rest of the company to Los Angeles to continue recording the show after Welles signed his contract with RKO Pictures. Sloane played Mr. Bernstein in Welles's first movie, Citizen Kane. After filming had wrapped, Sloane returned to New York to perform (together with fellow Kane stars Ray Collins and Paul Stewart) in Mercury Theatre's last play, Richard Wright's Native Son, which had 114 performances from March to June 1941. Although he did not appear in Welles's second film, The Magnificent Ambersons, in 1943 he joined fellow Mercury Theatre alumni Welles, Joseph Cotten, Agnes Moorehead, and Ruth Warwick in Journey into Fear. In 1947, Sloane also starred as Lawyer Arthur Bannister in The Lady from Shanghai, also directed by Welles. He played an Assassin in Renaissance-era Italy opposite Welles' Cesare Borgia in Prince of Foxes (1949).

Sloane also worked extensively on television. In 1950, for Example, he portrayed Vincent Van Gogh in The Philco-Goodyear Television Playhouse's production "The Life of Vincent Van Gogh." Later, in November 1955, he starred in the Alfred Hitchcock Presents episode "Our Cook's a Treasure". He appeared on the NBC anthology series The Joseph Cotten Show, also known as On Trial, in the 1956 episode "Law Is for the Lovers", with co-star Inger Stevens.

Sloane performed renditions of passages from The Great Gatsby on the NBC program devoted to F. Scott Fitzgerald in August 1955, part of the "Biography in Sound" series on great American authors.

Sloane appeared in Walt Disney's Zorro series in 1957–1958 as Andres Felipe Basilio, in the "Man from Spain" episodes. He also appeared in a few episodes of Bonanza.

On March 7, 1959, he guest-starred in an episode of NBC's Cimarron City titled "The Ratman", appearing alongside the show's star, John Smith. Later that same year, Sloane appeared as a guest in "Stage Stop", the premiere episode of John Smith's second NBC western series, Laramie.

Sloane's Broadway theater career ended in 1960 with From A to Z, a revue for which he wrote several songs. In between, he acted in plays such as Native Son (1941), A Bell for Adano (1944), and Room Service (1953), and directed the melodrama The Dancer (1946).

In 1961, Sloane appeared in an episode of The Asphalt Jungle. In the early 1960s, he voiced the title character of The Dick Tracy Show in 130 cartoons. Beginning in 1964, he provided character voices for the animated TV series Jonny Quest. He also starred in the ABC sci-fi television series Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea, in the episode "Hot Line". He wrote the unused lyrics to "The Fishin' Hole", the theme song for The Andy Griffith Show. Sloane guest starred on the show in 1962, playing Jubal Foster in the episode "The Keeper of the Flame". He starred in both the film and television versions of Rod Serling's Patterns, and in the first season of The Twilight Zone in the episode "The Fever"(S1, Ep.17; Airdate: Jan. 29, 1960). He guest starred as a San Francisco attorney in the 1962 Perry Mason episode "The Case of the Poison Pen Pal".

Sloane committed suicide by barbiturate overdose at age 55 on August 6, 1965, apparently because he feared he was going blind. He is buried at Angelus-Rosedale Cemetery in Los Angeles.